Has a large double-stranded DNA genome of 190 kilo bases, encoding 250 genes. $$ Are LEDs a better alternative? The correct order for the stages of a phage infection are: attachment, penetration, transcription, replication of nucleic acid and protein, assembly, release, Phages that can either replicate and cause cell lysis or can integrate their DNA into the host DNA are called, One of the most intensively studied virulent phages which infects E. coli is, During attachment of phage to E. coli, the phage. As the host population declines, viruses are less likely to find a new host before the lose infectivity, while many of the remaining hosts have undergone selection for resistance. The growth phase of phage that is designed to produce many offspring as quickly as possible. what is an icosahedral virus? -poxviruses (vaccinia), which contain an oval-shaped particle nearly as large as a cell (200-300nm). they have an outer membrane covering outside of the capsid. RNA retroviruses form DNA intermediates within their host cell; these DNA intermediates could recombine with th DNA genome of another virus, all the proteins expressed in a cell at a given time. Recombination between two specific sequences in DNA that requires a unique set of proteins to carry out the cleavage and joining reactions. Retroviruses use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to transcribe a copy of DNA from their own RNA. \text{ } & \text{B. How are the salt ducts an adaptation to the iguana's environment? -how virus binds to cell-surface receptors, Plaque isolation and Assay of Bacteriophages, -viruses cannot be isolated as "colonies." TEM but details of capsid structure have to be viewed with digital reconstruction of cry-EM images. the tail acts as a "hypodermic needle", injecting the phage DNA into the cell. phages are only created during which process? Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage. Which term describes bacteria that do not use oxygen in their metabolism? What significant mammalian adaptations led to their success during the Cenozoic Era? How do enveloped viruses differ from nonenveloped viruses? is the only form of RNA found in phages AND acts directly as mRNA. The main purpose of a ___ is to trigger an immunological reaction against a virus or other microbe. The avian flu virus H5N1 is considered a greater long-term threat than the swine flu virus H1N1 because __________. How do prions, which are misfolded proteins, infect organisms? -includes HIV, which uses reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of its RNA genome. An infected plant produces seeds that contain the virus, giving rise to infected progeny. The process of separate replication of viral protein and its nucleic acid is termed, In the case of T-even phages, the burst size is about, The time from absorption to release for T-even phage is about, An exit method used by viruses which does not immediately destroy the host bacterium is. How does creating a moist microenvironment around the areas of water loss reduce transpiration rate? This information is not always known, especially at the beginning of the infection. \text{fermentation} & \text{A. Innermost compartment of a mitochondrion}\\ Many different segments of the chromosome can be incorporated into different phage particles. Phage use rolling circle replication to make DNA molecules that they can package into phage heads. The growth phase of phage whereby the phage DNA is incorporated into the bacterial cell and remains in a stable, silent state. The number of phage produced by one phage infecting one bacterium. Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? The process by which phage make one long piece of DNA that contains multiple phage genomes. B. Vaccines for viral diseases are __________ and help prevent infection by __________.
abnormally shaped proteins; inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form. -animal viruses evolve by the fitness advantage of binding specific receptor proteins on their host cell. Completed filamentous phages are often found in the cytoplasm of infected bacteria. Solve tough problems on your own with the help of expert-verified explanations. Virulent as well as temperate phages can serve as generalized transducing phages. produced in a sequential manner AND used to customize the cell for viral production. What is the advantage of having a icosahedron as opposed to a another polyhedron such as a cube or tetrahedron? Imagine you are a climatologist beginning to create a computer model that will predict changes in Arctic sea ice. The viral envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 interact with CD4 and a co-receptor on the host-cell membrane. This is mediated by cell-surface receptors. The genomes of some bacteriophage always contain the same genes but they are not always present on the infecting phage in the same order. The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. -it is determined by proteins that bind DNA and repress transcription of genes for virus replication. A lysogenic cell contains viral DNA, a prophage, integrated into the host chromosome. Transduction often involves defective virus.
\text{Term} & \text{Definition}\\ All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes. A lysogenic virus can integrate its genome into the host cell's genome and be duplicated by the host cell's replication machinery. a noncellular particle that infects a host cell and directs it to produce progeny particles, a protein shell that surrounds a visions nucleic acid. b. community. A phage that replicates inside the host cell and then lyses its host during its release is a. -pararetroviruses possess a DNA genome that requires transcription to RNA in the cytoplasm, followed by reverse transcription to form DNA genomes for progeny virions. Class IV viruses are characterized by which of the following types of genomes? What will happen if a virus particle remains intact within a host cell and fails to release its genome? What is the function of reverse transcriptase? Glycoproteins on the viral envelope bind to receptors on the host cell. Rhinovirus attaches to ICAM-2, a human glycoprotein needed for intercellular adhesion. Evaluate the difficulties with reintroduction programs using captive-born animals. reverse transcriptase has two functions which are, 1. copying the DNA molecule made from the RNA ( using DNA polymerase). The cells of unicellular organisms divide to reproduce; those of multicellular organisms divide to replace cells and to grow. A phage that can incorporate chromosomal DNA into its phage particle in place of phage DNA. When attacked by bacteriophages, bacterial populations undergo natural selection; mutants that happen to be harder to infect will survive. Bacteriophage particles that contain bacterial chromosomal DNA instead of (generalized transducing phage) or in addition to (specialized transducing phage) phage DNA. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses reverse transcriptase to make double-stranded RNA copies of its DNA genome. Larger genomes have a greater range of functions for viral components. To generate virions, a host RNA polymerase transcribes the viral genome into viral mRNA and viral genomic RNA. What is the function of the cellular DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 in Herpesvirus DNA replication? the DNA is stabilized by covalent connection of its two strands in a loop at each end. Describe two physical properties you would need to know in order to begin calculations for your model. Stress can trigger another round of virus production, producing characteristic blisters and sores. A genetic disorder is traced within a family.
A third limitation is how to keep them alive long enough in the body in order for them to kill the bacteria. Charlotte W. Pratt, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, LEDs are considered an even better alternative to CFLs to replace incandescent bulbs.
after phage bacteria has entered host bacteria and linked its DNA with the host DNA it is called. A picornavirus binds to a surface receptor, similar to ICAM-1 for rhinovirus or the PVR receptor for poliovirus. First, phages are usually very specific as to which bacteria they will infect. When prions come into close proximity with the normal proteins, they cause them to refold into the prion form. The double-stranded intermediate slowly generates single-stranded progeny genomes, which are packaged by supercoiling and coated with capsid proteins. Virulent phages replicate through the lytic cycle only, and temperate phages replicate using both the lytic and the lysogenic cycles. The regularity switch of lysogeny responds to environmental cues indicating the likelihood that the host cell will survive and continue to propagate the phage genome. Discuss why DNA replication is more complex in eukaryotes than in bacteria. The viral envelope fuses with the host cell's plasma membrane, facilitating uptake of the virus by the host cell. Excess salt in the body can damage cells and organs. Which replicative cycle describes a virus that can integrate its genome into the host cell's genome? Phage particles extrude through cell envelope without lysing the cell. A. For example, recombination between attP and lambda in attB in the chromosome is a site-specific recombination reaction. The efficiency with which a phage forms plaques on different host strains. -many animal viruses induce the cell's endoplasmic reticulum to form membranous organelles called virus factories (an intracellular complex of membranes and proteins that forms progeny virions, Ex of double stranded DNA virus is human papilloma virus (HPV) causes genital warts, as the keratinocytes containing HPV complete differentiation, the cells start to come apart and are shed from the epithelial surface. The RNA phages contain only a single positive-sense strand of RNA. After uncoating in the cytoplasm, the viral RNA is copied into double-stranded DNA. an infectious particle consisting of a little more than genes packed into a protein coat, the protein shell enclosing the viral genome, some viruses have accessory structures that help them infect their hosts, each particular virus can infect cells of only a limited number of host species called the host range, the way the virus enters the cell depends on the type of virus, a phage replicative cycle that culminates in death of the host, these restrict the ability of a phage to replicate within the bacterium as they will identify the page and cut it up with cellular enzymes. \text{ } & \text{E. ""In air""}\\ The disorder occurs mostly in males. Phage whose infectious particles are long filaments of nucleic acid that are coated by protein. If a cell's growth is strong, it is more likely that the phage DNA will remain inactive, whereas events that threaten host survival will trigger a lytic burst. The replicative form of nucleic acid in filamentous phages is. The shape of the virus is determined by its, The protein projections on the surface of a virus that are involved in attachment to the host cell are called. People who suffer from vertigo feel dizzy and disoriented in certain situations. \text{ }\\ There are three types of restriction enzymes (TypeI, II, and III). How are retroviruses different from other types of viruses?
These accessory proteins are needed early in viral infection, such as the initiation proteins for the transcription of viral genes and RNA-processing enzymes that modify viral mRNA-molecules. The (+) strand RNA is uncoated by insertion through the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, much as a bacteriophage inserts its genome into a cell. B. emerging viruses - virus that suddenly become apparent, the emergence of new viruses onto the scene ; how does this happen. A virus that infects bacteria. \text{ } & \text{D. Process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid}\\ It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template. the virus binds to specific receptors that are only present on certain immune cells. d. population. \end{matrix} A. in scientific notation B. to the tenth decimal point C. as a fraction D. in inches. Klosneuvirus shows evidence of integrating genes from cellular hosts. -phages need to contact and attach to the surface of an appropriate host cell. A larger genome may lead to formation of larger virus particles. Which disease organisms cannot be grown in pure culture on artificial media? Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Peter V Minorsky, Steven A. Wasserman, Biocalculus: Calculus, Probability, and Statistics for the Life Sciences, Charlotte W. Pratt, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet. Another limitation is that one has to know which bacteria is the infectious agent in order to use the proper virus. What are advantages and disadvantages (to a virus) of the slow-release strategy, compared with the strategy of a temperate phage, which alternates between lysis and lysogeny? The ends of the DNA of certain phage genomes that have overlapping sequence homology. An Ames test is used to determine whether an unknown chemical is mutagenic. The nucleic acid enclosed in the phage particle that specifies the production of more phage.
Which of the following organisms does not have its virulence increased by lysogenic conversions? Candidates for the original sources of viral genomes include plasmids and transposons. Compare CFLs with LEDs. Isolate & Identify (in clinical specimens), Process that releases viral nucleic acid into the cytoplasm (of host cell), Occurs when viruses lose their capsid during or after penetration into a host cell, Enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome, and generating a DNA copy, Virus-induced damage to the cell, that alters microscopic appearance, Fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei, Viruses can either remain latent in the cytoplasm of the host cell, or __. When viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host, it is called a ___. Why are retroviruses considered a special class of viruses? RNA viruses, because no proofreading is done on RNA molecules. Animals that harbor and can transmit a particular virus but are generally unaffected by it are said to act as a __________ for that virus. Even on solid medium, viruses never form a solid visible mass comparable to the mass of cells that constitutes a cellular colony, Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe. D. Dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater would cause invasive species to out-compete native species. Discuss the use of phages in treating infections. Integration of viral DNA into host DNA is an early stage of the lysogenic cycle. 