J Med Entomol. The most effective of these include thyme oil, geraniol, peppermint oil, cedar oil, patchouli and clove that have been found to repel malaria, filarial and yellow fever vectors for a period of 60-180 mins [6466]. A second means is bio-prospecting, where plants are systematically screened for a particular mode of action, which is a costly and labour intensive means of identifying new repellents. In the past few years, a plant derived repellent, PMD has been proven to be suitably efficacious and safe to compete with DEET in the field of disease prevention, and repellents have been recognised by WHO as a useful disease prevention tool to complement insecticide-based means of vector control. Malar J. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.029. volume10, Articlenumber:S11 (2011) Reifenrath WG, Hawkins GS, Kurtz MS: Evaporation and skin penetration characteristics of mosquito repellent formulations. Waka M, Hopkins RJ, Curtis C: Ethnobotanical survey and testing of plants traditionally used against hematophagous insects in Eritrea. We would like to thank Coronel Mustapha Debboun for permission to reproduce Table 2 and the two anonymous reviewers who greatly improved the manuscript through their comments and suggestions. 2004, 41: 726-730. 1998, 128: 931-940.
In contrast, plant-based repellents do not have this rigorously tested safety record, with most being deemed safe because they have simply been used for a long time [90]. Int Pest Cont. 10.2987/8756-971X(2008)24[150:IPAMAS]2.0.CO;2. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. WHOPES: Guidelines for efficacy testing of mosquito repellents for human skin WHO/HTM/NTD/WHOPES/2009.4. Citronella-based repellents only protect from host-seeking mosquitoes for about two hours although formulation of the repellent is very important [31, 32]. Sarah J Moore. The release rate relates well to the protection time so that a decrease in release rate can prolong mosquito protection time [35]. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Their active ingredients tend to be highly volatile, so although they are effective repellents for a short period after application, they rapidly evaporate leaving the user unprotected. Ansari MA, Razdan RK: Repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var. PubMed 1993, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Greenstock DL, Larrea Q: Garlic as an insecticide. 2008, 24: 154-160. x\rF}W@a+Z[9l*S
E$e@H0 ".? Another common misconception is that garlic is an effective repellent. Therefore, it is important to carefully source of repellent plants to avoid pitfalls associated with unsustainable cropping practices. Govere J, Durrheim DN, Baker L, Hunt R, Coetzee M: Efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Hao H, Wei J, Dai J, Du J: Host-seeking and blood-feeding behavior of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) exposed to vapors of geraniol, citral, citronellal, eugenol, or anisaldehyde. Trop Med Int Health. Parasitol Res. Plant materials, such as essential oils and extracts, are useful tools for insect pest control. Skinner WA, Tong HC, Maibach HI, Skidmore DL: Human skin surface lipid fatty acids - mosquito repellents. Many members of these families are used in rural communities through burning or hanging them within homes [5862].
This is lower than most other commercial repellents but higher concentrations can cause skin sensitivity. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1989, 5: 45-51. 2001, 55: 129-166. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. %PDF-1.7
10.2987/08-5760.1. 2010, 9: 239-10.1186/1475-2875-9-239. Repellent properties of volatiles emitted from ethnomedicinal plant leaves against malaria and yellow fever vectors in Ethiopia, Relative efficacy of repellent-treated wristbands against three major mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of disease, under laboratory conditions, Dr. A.K. Mondal S, Mirdha BR, Mahapatra SC: The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Waka M, Hopkins RJ, Glinwood R, Curtis C: The effect of repellents Ocimum forskolei and deet on the response of Anopheles stephensi to host odours. In a field study conducted in India, a preparation made of 1 percent garlic oil, petroleum jelly and beeswax that was rubbed on the arms and legs of study subjects was found to be effective in preventing mosquito bites for up to eight hours. Palsson K, Jaenson TG: Plant products used as mosquito repellents in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. <>/Metadata 457 0 R/ViewerPreferences 458 0 R>>
2010, City, 20100278755: Paluch G, Grodnitzky J, Bartholomay L, Coats J: Quantitative structure-activity relationship of botanical sesquiterpenes: spatial and contact repellency to the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. 2006, 51: 113-135. 2009, 125: 224-229. 10.1081/CLT-120025348. 2003, 169: 209-212. Repellents containing only essential oils in the absence of an active ingredient such as DEET should not be recommended as repellents for use in disease endemic areas, and those containing high levels of essential oils could cause skin irritation, especially in the presence of sunlight. 47: 45-50. Moore SJ, Lenglet A, Hill N: Plant-Based Insect Repellents. Indian J Malariol. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. New developments have also been seen in understanding the function of plant-based repellents in insects. 2009, 25: 292-300. Registered in England & Wales No. Malar J. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 10.1056/NEJMoa011699. Google Scholar, Syed Z, Leal WS: Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET. Several field studies from India have shown very high efficacy of Neem-based preparations [4143], contrasting with findings of intermediate repellency by other researchers [44, 45]. Insect Repellents: Principles Methods, and Use. Cloyd RA: Natural indeed: are natural insecticides safer better than conventional insecticides?. Persoon, and Litsea salicifolia (Nees) on Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 2007, 3: 408-414. 1994, 31: 505-507. 2004, Universidad de Sao Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. P@$E 0zm*b_sqM DrGDR?GT-}}AR./Wx!Dh1KT~u} The use of these technologies to enhance the performance of natural repellents may revolutionize the repellent market and make plant oils a more viable option for use in long-lasting repellents. Book Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED):DEET, EPA738-R-98-010. Garlic supplements are not for everyone. *gl5(M!'r2?Grgp=D"q~.rdf9xKY%QhL804tcyjUUbIlZq^iv21|p 2010, 464: 66-71. Several studies have investigated the behavioural mode of action of repellents through structure-activity studies of contact versus spatial repellency [107], or olfactometry that demonstrated that DEET inhibited mosquito response to human odour whereas Ocimum forskolei repels but does not inhibit response to human odour [108]. J Vector Ecology.
2002, 39: 736-741. 2010, 9: 299-10.1186/1475-2875-9-299. Malar J 10, S11 (2011). Sakulku U, Nuchuchua O, Uawongyart N, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Soottitantawat A, Ruktanonchai U: Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion. Ava T: Neem oil: a safe alternative to Deet http://trinityava.com/wp-content//Neem-for-Outdoor-Protection-2009.07.pdf. 2009, 57: 7618-7625. PubMed PMD is the only plant-based repellent that has been advocated for use in disease endemic areas by the CDC (Centres for Disease Control) [25], due to its proven clinical efficacy to prevent malaria [26] and is considered to pose no risk to human health [27]. 3099067 10.1002/ps.322. The sulfurs contained within the garlic extract have been shown to be effective against a wide range of insects, including mosquitoes, and the lingering odor can deter mosquitoes from the area for weeks. Prevention of bugs, bites, stings and disease. it is applied to the skin at the correct dose (such as that in a commercial preparation) and it is not swallowed or rubbed into the mucous membranes then it does not cause adverse effects [84]. Pyrethrins are highly effective insecticides, that are relatively harmless to mammals [111], although it must be emphasised that many other plant produce compounds that are highly toxic to mammals and / or irritating to the skin, and natural does not equate to safe. Interestingly, the same odour receptors that respond to DEET also respond to thujone eucalyptol and linalool in Culex quinquefasciatus[9]. PubMed Central Strickman D, Frances SP, Debboun M: Chapter 8: Put on something natural. Casas A, Valiente-Banuet A, Viveros JL, Caballero J, Cortes L, Davila P, Lira R, Rodriguez I: Plant resources of the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley, Mexico. Citronella has found its way into many commercial preparations through its familiarity, rather than its efficacy. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Indian J Malariol. East African Med J. Pest Manag Sci. (Labiatae): traditional anti-mosquito plants. 2010, 5: 1409-1415. 1999, 15: 348-355. 2010, 20: 1672-1678. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Central African Journal of Medicine. 10.1073/pnas.0308146101.
PubMed 10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[158:FEONMS]2.0.CO;2.
Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing, Extension guidelines for pest/vector management in human habitations, Efficacy of a commercial formulation of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) against Aedes albopictus, LABORATORY EVALUATION OF 21 INSECT REPELLENTS AS LARVICIDES AND AS OVIPOSITION DETERRENTS OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE), Plant extracts, isolated phytochemicals, and plant-derived agents which are lethal to arthropod vectors of human tropical diseases - A review, Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Insecticidal Activities of Hedychium Essential Oils, Efficacy of attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) against Aedes albopictus with garlic oil encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin as the active ingredient, Assessment of impact of heavy metals on the communities and morphological deformities of chironomidae larvae in the river Damodar (India, West Bengal), The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. endobj
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Science. A village herbalist in rural Yunnan, Southern China. Acta Trop. Miot HA, Batistella RF, Batista Kde A, Volpato DE, Augusto LS, Madeira NG, Haddad VJ, Miot LD: Comparative study of the topical effectiveness of the Andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) and DEET 50% as repellent for Aedes sp. 1994, 40: 306-309. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Insects detect odours when that volatile odour binds to odorant receptor (OR) proteins displayed on ciliated dendrites of specialized odour receptor neurons (ORNs) that are exposed to the external environment, often on the antennae and maxillary palps of the insect, and some ORNs, such as OR83b that is important in olfaction and blocked by the gold-standard synthetic repellent DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) [3], are highly conserved across insect species [4, 5]. 2008, 10: 1073-. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. i+I&~Ga5Ae@h/
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@3v[K{A*uAkQ5L8uh7]xHxywa&_85lAGo 10.3109/15563659409000426. 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.051705.113646. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Initially, citronella, which contains citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, citral, pinene, and limonene, is as effective dose for dose as DEET [33], but the oils rapidly evaporate causing loss of efficacy and leaving the user unprotected. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S11, Natural products for the control of malaria, http://www.ancientlibrary.com/geoponica/index.html, http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_011550.htm, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/citronella, http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/3105fact.pdf, http://trinityava.com/wp-content//Neem-for-Outdoor-Protection-2009.07.pdf, http://www.biconet.com/personal/infosheets/biteBlockerSprayMSDS.pdf, http://www.pesticidesafety.uiuc.edu/newsletter/html/v17n304.pdf, http://www.malariajournal.com/supplements/10/S1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. 2008, 45: 533-539. Plants have also been used for centuries in the form of crude fumigants where plants were burnt to drive away nuisance mosquitoes and later as oil formulations applied to the skin or clothes which was first recorded in writings by ancient Greek [14], Roman [15] and Indian scholars [16] (Figure 1). Lukwa N, Per M, Peter F, Claus B: Lippia javanica (Burm F) Spreng: its general constituents and bioactivity on mosquitoes. The EPA has not approved Neem for use as a topical insect repellent. Although the primary functions of these compounds is defence against phytophagous insects, many are also effective against mosquitoes and other biting Diptera, especially those volatile components released as a consequence of herbivory [1]. 2005, 42: 306-311. kairomones, water vapour and temperature [4749]; 2) by reducing the evaporation and absorption of repellent actives due to the presence of long-chained fatty molecules [50]; 3) by containing fatty acids are known to be repellent to mosquitoes at high concentrations [51]. 2010, Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Goodyer L, Behrens RH: Short report: The safety and toxicity of insect repellents. 1989, 3: 97-100. Many plant extracts and oils repel mosquitoes, with their effect lasting from several minutes to several hours (Table 1). 1997, 39: 184-185. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bernier UR, Furman KD, Kline DL, Allan SA, Barnard DR: Comparison of contact and spatial repellency of catnip oil and N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (Deet) Against Mosquitoes. Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M: Insect repellent activity of madicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.
Dictionary.com: website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/citronella. Almost all of the plants used as repellents are also used for food flavouring or in the perfume industry, which may explain the association with these oils as safer natural alternatives to DEET despite many oils causing contact dermatitis (Table 2[63]). 2008, 319: 1838-1842. 2009, 26: 85-91. The exception to this is para-menthane 3, 8 diol, which has a lower vapour pressure than volatile monoterpines found in most plant oils [22] and provides very high protection from a broad range of insect vectors over several hours [23], whereas the essential oil is repellent for around one hour [24]. PubMed 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.06.004. 1973, 50: 248-252. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB: Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent deet. in Tanzania. It should be noted that the essential oil of lemon eucalyptus does not have EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) registration for use as an insect repellent. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as safe in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents although this is sometimes a misconception.
10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00083-7. 2007, 55: EPA: p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_011550.htm. One such compound is the amino acid, alliin. 1993, Boca Raton: CRC Press, Zheng H, He K: Intercropping in rubber plantations and its economic benefits. Gatehouse JA: Plant resistance towards insect herbivores: a dynamic interaction. Although essential oils are exempt from registration through the EPA, they can be irritating to the skin and their repellent effect is variable, dependent on formulation and concentration. 2004, 95: 95-101. It is thought that garlic may be an alternative mosquito repellent for humans as well. However, many plant-based repellents contain compounds that should be used with caution (Table 1). Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran. 2 0 obj
Google Scholar. In addition there were a large number of studies that did not use the accepted standard methodology [78] (Table 3), and should be interpreted with caution. It is commonly assumed that plant-based repellents are safer than DEET because they are natural. 2000, 46: 213-216. Moore SJ, Lenglet A, Hill N: Field evaluation of three plant-based insect repellents against malaria vectors in Vaca Diez Province, the Bolivian Amazon. Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnez AM, Cainero I: Randomised, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. 10.4039/n10-032. It would appear that the soybean oil in Bite Blocker helps only contributes to repellency as it is not repellent when evaluated on its own [53]. It was discovered in the 1960s during mass screenings of plants used in Chinese traditional medicine. Acta Trop. A further study demonstrates that citronellal directly activates cation channels [10], which is similar to the excitorepellent effect of pyrethrin another plant based terpine [109], but contrasts with the inhibition effect of DEET [3]. USDA: Product Performance Test Guidelines. Malaria Journal Bull Entomol Res. Essential oils and extracts belonging to plants in the citronella genus (Poaceae) are commonly used as ingredients of plant-based mosquito repellents (Table 1), mainly Cymbopogon nardus that is sold in Europe and North America in commercial preparations. Curtis CF: Traditional use of repellents. 2003, 41: 831-839. 10.1007/s00436-010-1797-y. Cell Mol Life Sci. However, it was discovered that the waste distillate remaining after hydro-distillation of the essential oil was far more effective at repelling mosquitoes than the essential oil itself. El-Sheikh TM: Field evaluation of repellency effect of some plant extracts against mosquitoes in Egypt. Given the recent surge of the West Nile virus spread by infected mosquitoes, its useful to explore the value of garlic as one more method for avoiding mosquito bites. BMJ. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. The modern pyrethroids that are the mainstay of the current malaria elimination program that is making excellent progress [110], are synthetic analogues based on the chemical structure of pyrethrins, discovered in the pyrethrum daisy, Tanacetum cinerariifolium from the Dalmation region and Tanacetum coccineum of Persian origin. Johnson procedente de Anhembi SP - Brasil, Ex. <>
2005, 21: 80-83. In Anopheles gambiae, the DEET receptor OR83b is stimulated by citronellal, but is also modulated by the TRPA1 cation channel [10]. Int J Pharm. Lindsay SW, Janneh LM: Preliminary field trials of personal protection against mosquitoes in The Gambia using deet or permethrin in soap, compared with other methods.
A number of studies have shown that the oil fraction of garlic destroys certain species of mosquito larvae. It is thought to have originated in Central Asia, and its use as a condiment and for medicinal purposes predates written history. 1999, 72: 39-52. Curr Biol. A literature review, Adulticidal and repellent properties of Cassia tora Linn. 1994, 31: 95-102.
The field of plant-based repellents is moving forward as consumers demand means of protection from arthropod bites that are safe, pleasant to use and environmentally sustainable. 1972, City: Doubleday Research Association, 12-pp. The consumption of garlic however, has not been shown to be effective at repelling mosquitoes. endobj
2005, 42: 95-99. Terms and Conditions, Barasa SS, Ndiege IO, Lwande W, Hassanali A: Repellent activities of stereoisomers of p-menthane-3,8-diols against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). After 4h exposure to a low concentration (2.13l/cm2) of garlic extracts, more than 95% repellence was achieved. 1995, 5: 55-73. J Med Entomol. It is likely that they work in several ways 1) by reducing short range attractive cues i.e. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2001, 26: 76-82. ), mosquitoes use smell to locate a host. Book Garlic as an insecticide. By using this website, you agree to our 2009, New York: Oxford University Press. Int Pest Cont. Lee SE, Lee BH, Choi WS, Park BS, Kim JG, Campbell BC: Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L). Experiments were carried out at 271C and 605% RH in darkness. Park BS, Choi WS, Kim JH, Kim KH, Lee SE: Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) potential mosquito repellents. Chemoecology.