/Annots [154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R] % We find evidence of highly skilled knappers at Manayzah, Ad-Dahariz and at other sites with fluted points in South Arabia. This lithic tradition is only observed in a restricted region, and therefore interpreted as an independent regional cultural development [6,105,106,107]. In fact, both Arabian fluting types, i.e. around the ancient lakes that have produced so many of them. Platforms were faceted and narrow, and bulbs were often absent to slightly pronounced, with no evident lip.
And this suggests that hunting, along with the costly signaling (ethnographically suggested to explain the sharing of large meat packages) [135], plays an important role in understanding the knapping behavior of South Arabian Neolithic herders. As the fluting method was spread among southern Arabian Neolithic societies, it seemed important to determine the degree to which manufacturing skills were involved in lithic production. /Parent 7 0 R attached. Suggested functions for crescents include their use as butchering tools, amulets, portable art, surgical instruments, and transverse points for hunting birds. /Resources 92 0 R q Channel flakes were regular in thickness, with sub-parallel edges. Studying lithic industries through a convergent evolution approach is a more recent topic of interest [126,127], and an extremely important one, as studying culture in an evolutionary framework allows the development of models about the pattern of human cultural diversity and various forms of human adaptation. All necessary permits for the fieldwork and analyses were obtained from the General Organization for Antiquities and Museums in Yemen and the Ministry of Heritage and Culture in Oman. Trihedral point types, including fluted trihedral points (Fig 5: 1011), have been identified at surface assemblages from several sites around Manayzah, particularly at Wadi Sana Gravel Bar Site (GBS) and also in the stratified site of Khuzmum 045-1A [113,115,120,121]. 80007700 cal. Variable width of the boxplots reflects group sizes. It should be noted that the techniques used to produce the channel flakes CF Expe Tech5 (indirect percussion) and CF Expe Tech4 (direct percussion with wood) are unique techniques that are statistically different (t = -3.802, p-value = 0.00433 **). All rights reserved. Detachment techniques are 1: pressure, 2: direct percussion with soft stone, 3: direct percussion with antler, 4: direct percussion with wood, 5: indirect percussion. >> /Type /Page /Type /Page ThoughtCo.
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The fluted points from south-western Oman are often tapered (narrower and longer) and with a very standardized and regular equilateral triangular section. Formal analysis, ROCK DESERT AREA--NEVADA. 0000014838 00000 n
/Length 2 /Contents [32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R In addition to explanations identifying fluting as a functional development to enhance tool efficiency, or as a marker of cultural identity, we suggest that knapping prowess in socio-cultural context may offer a reasonable explanation. The lithic experiments had three main goals: 1) to demonstrate the degree to which knappers intentionally fluted Arabian points (i.e., the type of knapping involvement, as revealed by choices in the detachment technique); 2) to better understand the relations between point technology and function (the range of detachment techniques used in the Neolithic of South Arabia was tested by comparing the experimental material with archaeological examples from the Manayzah and Ad-Dahariz 2 sites); and, 3) to estimate the degree to which cultural transmission accounts for the fluting at both Manayzah and Ad-Dahariz. << /Contents [128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R] 42 0 R] Platforms were faceted, narrow, rarely overflowing and with discrete lips. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 8 0 obj 5, Data Recovery at the Ant Bite Site (42Ws1147), Washington County, Utah, Analysis of Chipped Stone Tools from Los Penasquitos Ranch, San Diego, California (CA-SDi-5220 & 8125. >> /CropBox [28.3465 28.3465 460.347 676.347] Longer arrows mean greater significance, i.e. He was able to identify the curious piece as a Great Basin crescent. Joe told me they were extremely rare and are found only where the water level of ancient Lake Lahontan was between 7,000 and 9,000 years ago. [1][2][3] Crescents are typically found as part of surface assemblages as opposed to well-dated subsurface contexts, and lack good chronology which would indicate if the degree of morphological variability represents changes over time, or if the differences represent regional expressions. The distal ends were generally a little wider and thicker than the body of the channel flake, sometimes vibrated or slightly hinged. << Prehistoric Stone Tools Categories and Terms, Ancient Hunting: Subsistence Strategies Before Agriculture, Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) and its History of Domestication, Levallois Technique - Middle Paleolithic Stone Tool Working, The (Pre) History of Clovis - Early Hunting Groups of the Americas. 0000086485 00000 n
Writing review & editing, Roles Top: fluted pieces are shown with their channel flake; bottom: some of the antlers used in the experiments. Top: fluted pieces are shown with their channel flake; bottom: some of the tools used in the experiments. << Soft stone hammers were made of fine-grained limestone and sandstone (a few sandstone processing tools are present at Manayzah), weighing between 116 g and 245 g (mean weight of 162 g). /Count 10 /CropBox [28.3465 28.3465 460.347 676.347] Given the significance of fluting technology in the interpretation of the cultural history of the Americas, it is perhaps unsurprising that facile theories have come under intense scrutiny, and as described above, a range of theories have been advanced as to why the flute was made [2,8,42]. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. The bulb was in high position and slightly pronounced. Few details are known concerning the exact context of the discoveries, except that the bifaces were found in the western part of the site in a Middle Solutrean layer. JUNE 30, 2003 PETER A. BOSTROM, COMPUTER
Yes /Type /Page << The lithic artifacts are composed of diverse bifacial products, with a high proportion of bifacial thinning flakes and various thin bifacial tools at different stages of reduction. This indicates a similarity in the fluting detachment techniques between the experimental and archaeological data. CALIGORE COLLECTION. endobj & EARLY ARCHAIC
Top and right: fluted pieces are shown with their channel flake; bottom left: some of the hard woods used in the experiments. Other points occasionally showed proper impact fractures rather than genuine fluting, such as at the Oman Sea coastal site of Khor al-Hajar KHJ-1 [108] (Fig 5: 12). 18: base-fluted points from North America 1: Clovis point (Logan, Kentucky, modified from [60]:Fig 2); 2: Crowfield point (Addison, Vermont, modified from [60]:Fig 2); 3: Cumberland point (Colbert, Alabama, modified from [60]:Fig 2); 4,5: Gainey (Michigan, photo credits: T. Bennett Michigan Archaeological Society, http://micharch.org/wp/about-us/projectile-point-typology-and-dating/); 6: Folsom (Roosevelt, New Mexico, modified from [60]:Fig 2); 7,8: Barnes (Michigan, photo credits: T. Bennett Michigan Archaeological Society, http://micharch.org/wp/about-us/projectile-point-typology-and-dating/). /Resources 153 0 R of a cremation mound. /MediaBox [0 0 488.693 704.693] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236314.g003. The type of fluted points from Ad-Dahariz 2 differs from the types recovered from eastern Yemen. Folsom base-fluted point, 1 and 2: bifacial preform reduction, 3: preparation of fluting platform, 4 and 5: fluting along both faces, 6: final fluted point. Hailat Araka is located inland at some 150 km north of Khor Ad-Dahariz and the Indian Ocean littoral. Edges were mostly parallel and rectilinear with discrete distal plunging frequently observed. The American and Arabian cases thus diverge in terms of final forms, but both testify to a remarkable investment in projectile tip technology. Although their distribution covers a large portion of the western United States, crescents are often found in similar contexts in close proximity to water sources including playas, lakes, rivers, and mainland and island coast lines. Crescents will continue to be a bit of a mysterious until new evidence can prove exactly how they
/Nums [0 6 0 R] endstream One first fluting attempt failed, as seen from the scar of a hinged channel flake. smaller p-values. Determining the detachment technique used for fluting in southern Arabia was considered relevant for better understanding the technological and cultural reasons behind the production of a highly standardized tradition. COPYRIGHT
Tadlock listed the earliest crescents as having been used within the Great Basin, he believed they spread out from there. Dorset tip-fluted point, 1 and 2: bifacial preform reduction, 3 and 4: fluting of two overflowing flakes from the tip, 5: final fluted point. [4] Similarly, crescent fragments have also been found in subsurface deposits dating to 7,600-8,200 cal BP associated with sites on the shoreline of extinct Buena Vista Lake, also located in the southern San Joaquin Valley. The river clasts consisted of different materials, the majority of which were varieties of chert, but also included chalcedonies and jaspers. Experiments were conducted between 2013 and 2018 by a single knapper for consistency (JV, an individual who is a very highly-skilled knapper with more than twenty years of experience and who conducts stone tool knapping usually on a daily basis), using mainly heat-treated flint and chert and a tool-kit composed of hard wood, mammal bones and soft stone. 0000039085 00000 n
During replication of the Ad-Dahariz fluted point types (more tapered and elongated than the Manayzah type), the fluted surface was used as a flat and regular pressure platform. Even if it seldom removes the whole fluted surface, direct percussion fluting still removes a large and regular surface between one-third to two-thirds of the anticipated arrowhead, with a very discreet negative bulb and light undulations. /Filter /FlateDecode ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/crescents-prehistoric-stone-tools-170560. Writing review & editing, Affiliation The second example shows two basal scars on each face, but the general aspect of the piece leads to interpret it as a small unfinished preform that was severely reshaped at its base, and most probably abandoned because of hinged removals. They were found during the excavation
Varied types of arrowheads (n = 33) were found in association with the fluted items. /MediaBox [0 0 488.693 704.693] /Resources 76 0 R /Resources 84 0 R 1984, Moratto, Michael J., "California Archaeology," pp. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236314.g005. [2][6], In the Great Basin, crescents are often found in artifact assemblages characterized as belonging to the Western Stemmed Tradition (WST), which is composed of artifact classes that would indicate an economy focused on big-game hunting. 1417: tip-fluted points from northern America 14,15: Site KkHh-3 (Canada, modified from [84]: Fig 7,8); 16: Site JcDe-1 (Canada, photo credits: Cit darchologie et dhistoire de Montral, A. Vandal 2016Creative Commons 4.0 (by-nc-nd), http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=204466&type=bien#.Xp9YOmgzbb0); 17: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon (photo credits: with the kind authorization from Projet Saint-Pierre et Miquelon 2019).
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As seen at Ad-Dahariz, the points can have lateral notches and no tang, while fluted points from Yemen usually have a small tang and no notch. 